The rise of Novel
Types of novel:
1.An epistolary novel is one in which
the narration is
written
in the form of a series of letters
For
example: Samuel Richardson's, told much of the
story
through an exchange of letters between two
lovers
.These letters tell the reader about the
hidden
conflict in the heroine’s mind .
2.A Serialised novel uses a format in
which the story
is
published in installments , each part in a new
issue of
journal
Changes in technology and society which
led to an increase in readers of the novels in 18th century.
Novels began to be written in17th century they got
popularised only in 18 century. they first took firm root in England and France
and then spread to other countries in Europe.
1.Mechanical printing made it possible to produce
multiple copies quickly and cheaply. As a result printing and distribution of
books became cheap and easy . Now low income group could afford to purchase the
books
2.New group of lower middle-class people , such as
shopkeepers and clerks along with the aristocrats form the new readership
3.As readership grew and the market for books
expanded , income of the authors increased . The authors no more remained dependent
on the patronage of aristocrats . This gave independence to experiment with
different styles .
Some Important reasons for the
popularity of novels
1.Novel created a world which was absorbing and
believable .It seemed real . While reading a novel , the reader was transported
to another persons world and began looking at life as if it was experienced by
the characters of the novel.
2.Novels do not focus on the lives of great people,
they are about the everyday life of common life
3.Novel allow individuals the pleasure of reading in
private as well as in public
4.In rural area people would collect to hear one of
them reading a novel aloud, often being deeply involve in the lives of the
characters.
5.The novel uses the vernacular , the language that
is spoken by common people by coming closer to the different spoken languages
of the people .
Sr.No.
Name of author Name of book Description Rise of novels/English
novel/British novels
1 Henry
Fielding Tom Jones 1749
2 Walter
Scott Scottish Ballads
Historical novel about wars
between Scottish clans.
3 Samuel
Richardson Pamela 18 century. Stories through
exchange of letters between two lovers. These letters tell the
reader of the hidden conflicts in the heroin's mind.
4 Charles
Dickens Pickwick papers
a serialised novel
Hard times-1854 Terrible effect of industrialization on
people's lives. Describes Coke town , a polluted city with
lots of machinery and a polluted purple river. Here workers
were referred as hands. He
criticized the philosophy of greed
for profit and regarding human as hands.
Oliver Twist-1838 A tale about an orphan who lived in a
world
of petty criminals and beggar. Brought up in a cruel
workshop,Oliver was finally
adopted by a wealthy person
and later lived happily.
5 Emile Zola Germinal-1885 On
the life of young miner in France
explores in harsh detail the grim condition of miner's lives. It
ends in a node of despair: the strike the hero leads fail, his co-
workers turn against him, and
hopes are shattered.
6 Thomas Hardy
Mayor of Casterbridge-1886
Its about Michael Henchard,a successful grain merchant, who
becomes mayor of the farming town of Casterbridge.He is
both unpredictably generous and cruel with his employees.
He is no match for his manager and rival Donald Farfrae.
7 Jane
Austen Pride and Prejudice
Her
novels gave us glimpse of the world of women in
gentle(polite/shy) rural society in early nineteenth century in
Britain. They made us think about a society which encouraged
women
to look for good marriages and find wealthy or
propertied husband.
8.Charlotte Bronte Jane
Eyre-1857 In this a young Jane is shown as
independent and assertive. While girls of her time were supposed to be well
behaved and quiet, Jane at age of 10 protested against the hypocracy of her
elders. She tells her aunt that she is deceitful and she won't call her aunt
ever.
9 R.L.Stevenson Treasure
Island Adventurous novel for young in 1883
10
Rudyard Kipling Jungle Book Adventurous novel for young in 1894.
11 G.A.Henty Under
Drake's Flag
12 Helen Hunt Jackson Ramona 1884 Love
stories written for
adolescent girls.
13 Sarah Chauncey Woolsey What Katy Did
Love stories for adolescent
girl.1872. Under pen name of Susan Coolidge.
14 Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe
In this novel Robinson Crusoe is an
adventurer and slave
trader. Shipwrecked on an island, Crusoe treats color people not as
humans equal to him, but as inferior creatures. He saves a native
and
makes him a slave, rather asking his name he gives him a name
'Friday'.1719
15 Joseph Cornad Showed novels that revealed
darker side of colonial occupation.
16 Benjamin Disraeli Henrietta Temple
17 George
Eliot Silly novels by lady novelist. wrote it in 1856.
18 Oliver Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield
•
The Novels Come to India.
Bharatendu Harishchandra,the pioneer of modern
Hindi literature.
17 Banabhatta Kadambari Written in Sanskrit
in the seventeenth century.
18 Baba Padmanji Yamuna Paryatan-1857
Written for plight of widows(earliest novels in Marathi).
19 Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe Muktamala-1861
This was not a realistic novel; it presented an imaginary romance narrative
with moral purposes.
20 O.Chandu Menon Indulekha-1889
It was the first modern novel in Malayalam. Author tried to translate English
novel Henrietta Temple of Benjamin Disraeli but stopped as he thought, it would
be dreadfully boring for the readers as they didn't know the behaviour and
dress code of British so he wrote a story in Malayalam-'Manner of English novel
Books'.Indulekha is about the cast war between Nambuthiri Brahmins and the
Nayars. Nambuthiris
were also major landlords in Kerala that time and a larger section on Nayars
were tenants. In late nineteenth century they began arguing strongly against
Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar women. In the novel Suri Nambuthiri,the foolish
landlord who comes to marry Indulekha,is the focus of the story. The
intelligent heroine rejects him and chooses Madhavan, the educated and handsome
Nayar as her husband, the young couple moves to Madras. The landlord ,desperate
to find a partner for him, finally marries a poorer relation from the same
family and goes away pretending that he has married Indulekha.The writer wanted
to appreciate the new values of hero and heroine and criticize the ignorance
and immorality of Suri Nambhthiri.
21 Kandukuri Viresalingam Rajasekhara
Caritamu-1878
He
was from Andhra Pradesh, he began
translating Oliver Goldsmith's
Vicar
of Wakefield into Telgu but abandoned his plans due to the similar
reasons.
22 Srinivas Das Pariksha Guru-1882
He was
from Delhi and his novel was the first proper modern novel. His novel cautioned
young men of well-to-do families against the dangerous influence of bad company
and consequent loose morals. The novel tries to teach the reader the right way
to live in all aspects. In the novel we can see the youngster are urged to
cultivate good habits like newspaper reading we can too see characters
attempting to use Western science and Indian wisdom apparently. This novel
could not gain many readers as it was too moralizing
23 Devaki Nandan Khatri Chandrakanta
A
romance with dazzling elements of fantasy-is believed to have contributed
immensely in popularizing the Hindi language and the Nagari script among
educated classes of those times.
24 Premchand Sewasdan-1916
It deals mainly with the poor conditions of women in the society. Issues like
child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells
us about the ways in which the Indian upper class used whatever little
opportunities they got from the colonial authorities to govern themselves.
•
Rangbhoomi
Its
about Surdas, a visually impared beggar from an untouchable caste.We see Surdas
struggling against the forcible takeover of his land for establishing a tobacoo
factory.
Godan-1936 Its an epic of the
Indian peasantry.The novel tells the moving story of Hori and his wife Dhania,a
peasant couple.Landlords, moneylenders, priests-all those who hold power in
society -form a network of oppression, rob their land and make them into
landless labourers.Yet Hori and Dhania retain their dignity to the end.
25 Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay Durgeshnandini- 1865 It used
vernacular language.
Anandamath-1882
In this novel a secret Hindu militia fights Muslim to establish a Hindu
kingdom.It was a novel that inspired many freedom fighters.
26
Ramashankar Ray Saudamani He was a dramatist, began serializing
the first Oriya novel;but was not able to complete it.
27 Fakir
Mohon Senapati Chaa Mana Atha Guntha-1902 The is
translated as six acres and thirty-two decimals of land.Its a story about
Ramchandra Mangaraj,a landlord-s manager who cheats his idle and drunken master
and then eyes on the fertile land of Bhagia and Shariya(a couple).He fools his
couple and puts them in debt so that he can take over their land.It showed that
novels could make rural issues an important part of urban preoccupation.
28 Sarat
Chandra Chattopadhyay 1876-1938 The most popular novelist in Bengal and
probably in the rest of India.
28 Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 1876-1938
The most popular novelist in Bengal and probably in the rest of India.
29 Naro Sadashiv Risbud Manjughosha
A Marathi non-realistic novel.This novel was filled with amazing
events.
30 Gulavadi Venkata Rao Indirabai-1899
It gave a clear message of social reform.Its a Kannada novel,in this novel the
heroine is given away in marriage at a very young age to an elderly man.Her
husband dies soon after, she is forced to lead a life a widow.But after being
resisted by her family and society she continues her education.Eventually she
marries again, but this time to a English educated man.This was due to as in
that time Karnataka had social reforms on women education, the plight of widows
and the problems created by early marriage of girls.
31 R.Krishnamurthy Wrote under
pen name 'Kalki'.He was an active participant in freedom
movement.
32 Rokeya Hossein Sultana's Dream A
satiric fantasy in English, it shows a topsy-turvy(disorderly,upside-down)
world in which women take the place of men. Padmarag
Showed the need for women to reform their condition by their own actions.
33 Karuna O Phulmonir Bibaran-1852 It
was reputedly the first novel in Bengali, tell her readers that she wrote in
secret.
34 Sailabala Ghosh Jaya A
famous novelist ,but could only write as her husband protected her.
35 Potheri Kunjambu Saraswativijayam-
1892 Mounting a strong attack on caste oppression.It showed a young man from an
untouchable caste,leaving his village to escape the cruelty of his Brahmin
landlord.He converts into Christian.Obtains modern knowledge, education and
returns as the judge of the local court.Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that
the landlord's men had killed him, file a case.At last he reveals his true identity
and the case was solved.The novel shows the need of upliftment of the lower
castes.
36 Advaita Malla Burman's Titash
Ekti Nadir Naam-1956 Its an epic novel on three generation of a
community,Mallas a fisherfolk community who live off fishing in the river
Titash.In this there is a boy Ananta whose parents got separated after the
wedding night.He leaves the community to get educated in the city.This novel
also tells us about the festivals like Holi and Kali puja.Slowly the community
brokes and as the river dries the community dies too.This novel is special as
the author is too from a fisherfolk community.
37 Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer 1908-1994 Was one of the early Muslim
writers to gain wide renown as novelist in Malayalam.He participated in the
Salt Satyagraha and even travelled to Arabia.His novels were set on the themes
like poverty, insanity and life in prison and contained humour.
38 Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay Anguriya
Binimoy-1857 Was the first historical novel written in Bengal.Its hero
Shivaji engages in many battles against Aurangzeb.Man Singh tried to do a peace
compermigation with him but realising that Aurangzeb intended to confine him as
house prisoner Shivaji escapes and returns to battle.
39 Rabindranath
Tagore Ghare Baire-1916 Translation
of title is as 'The Home and the World'.
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