The rise of nationalism in Europe

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

CHAPTER SCHEME :

                                    -  DISCRIPTION OF THE PICTURE 1848,BY FREDERIC SORRIEU

                                     - FIRST CLEAR EXPRESSION ,FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789

                                     - NAPOLEONIC CODE

                                     - CONCEPT OF NATION-STATE IN MID EIGHTEENTH CENTUTRY,THEIR                

                                             SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DIVISION

                                      - LIBERAL NATIONALISM

                                      - NEW CONSERVATIVE RIEIGME 1815

                                      - RIVOLIUTIONARIES

                                      -THE AGE OF REVOLUTION

                                      - ROMANTICISM

                                      - HUNGER ,HARDSHIP AND POPULAR REVOLT

                                      -THE REVOLUTION OF LIBERALS

                                      - UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

                                      -UNIFICATION OF ITALY

                                      - UNIFICATION OF BRITAIN (STRANGE CASE)

                                      -BALKAN PROBLEMS

•      FREDERIC SORRIEU ,UTOPIAN VISION 1848

         A French artist prepared a series of four prints visualizing  his dream of world madeup of democratic and social republics

     He showed  that people come from  Europe and America ,all men and women, all     ages and classes were marching through a long train offering homage to the statue of liberty ,the torch of enlightenment  she bears in one hand and the charter of   

 rights of man in the other . In front of the statue of liberty the remains of the symbol of absolutist institution

 He visualize the world a s a distinct nation which were identified by their flags  and       

national costume leading the procession was the united states and Switzerland which by this time  already become a nation state followed by France ,Germany (black ,red and gold flag),then people of Austria, the kingdom of two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, 

 England, Ireland hungry and Russia From the heaven above Christ ,saints and angels gaze upon the scene  they symbolize fraternity among the nations of world.

NATION STATE  : nation- state was one in which the majority of its citizen , and  its rulers ,came to develop a sense of common identity , shared history of descent,

    common culture and having a clearly defined territory.

The french revolution and the idea of nation

        The first clear expression of nationalism came with the french revolution in 1789

The revolution in france declared that it was the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and shape the destiny

Measures and practices that create a sense of collecting belonging

1.The idea of la-patrie and le-cityon emphasized the idea that united community enjoy equal rights under a constitution

2.A new tricolour flag was adopted by replacing the former royal standard

3.The estate general was elected by the body of active citizen and renamed as National Assembly

4.New hymns were composed ,oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated all in the  name of nation.

5.A centralized administrative was introduce ,it formulate uniform laws for all citizens within this territory

6.Internal  custom duty and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted .

7.Regional dialects were discourage and French ,as it was spoken and written in Paris became the common language of the nation.

With the outbreak the French revolutionary ,armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. they declared that it was the destiny of French Nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from the despotism, means help to become a nation-state.

NAPOLEONIC CODE

Napoleon destroyed democracy in France but he introduce revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient

THE CIVIL CODE OF 1804

 It is also known as Napoleonic code

                                       It did away the all privileges  based on birth

                                       Established equality before law

                                       Secured the right to property

  beside this he simplified the administrative arrangement

                               Abolished the feudal system

                               Freed peasant from serfdom and Manorial dues

                               In the town guild restriction were removed

                               Transport and communication system were improved

                          Peasant Artisan and businessmen were enjoyed a new found freedom

                         they realize that uniform law , standardized weight and measures and a 

                                    common currency  facilitate the movement

OUTCOMES : people have mixed reaction, Initially French armies were welcome as a harbingers of liberty but it was soon turned to hostility as it became clear that the new administrative arrangement will not go hand in hand with political freedom

     increased taxation ,censorship ,forced conscription in the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe

The making of nationalism in europe

       During mid eighteenth century Europe we find that there were no nation state as we know them today.

        Today's country exist in Europe were under the control of autocratic       monarchies, the do not have a common culture and collective identity

         For example : the Hapsburgs empire that ruled over Austria –hung aria consist of alpine regions and bohemia ,Italian provinces ,Lombardy etc. In hungry half of the people speak Magyar language and other half speak different dialects

        All  these diverse group owed a common allegiance to the emperor.

   SOCIAL AND POLITICAL COMPOSITION

         Autocracy was dominant class, small in number ,they owned estates, spoke French for purpose and they were connected by ties of marriage

          Majority of the people made up of peasantry ,land was farmed by teanant,In eastern and central Europe  land was cultivated by serfs .In western part(England France and Germany) industrialization taken roots.

Middle class made up of industrialist ,businessmen, professionals, among them the ideas of national unity followed and the abolition of aristocracy gained popularity

Liberalism

 The term liberalism derives from the Latin root Liber

Which means free

Political meaning : It emphasized the concept of government by consent

 It stood for a constitution and representative government through parliament

It stood for private property, It stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.  (example

   France suffrage was limited  then during Napoleon limited suffrage )

Economics meaning It stood for the freedom of markets .It stood for the abolition of state-imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital. It directly contribute to the growth of economic unification and nationalism, It expand the size of markets .It result in creation of a unified economic territory that allows the unhindered movement of goods ,people and capital. It stimulate mobility .

Zollverein:  A custom union formed by the initiative of prussia,abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty  to two

A New Conservative Regime after 1815

European government  was driven by a spirit of conservatism.

It was a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institution (like monarchy ,the church ,social hierarchies )and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change

 Napoleon was defeated in 1815 by the Britain ,Russia ,Prussia and Austria and met at Vienna to make settlement in Europe. It was hosted by Austrian chancellor duke Metternich .the delegate drew up the treaty of Vienna of 1815

Features of treaty of vienna  

The bourbon dynasty ,which had been deposed during the French revolution ,was restored to power

France lost the territories it had annexed under napoleon

A series of state were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future

Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers

Austria was given control of northern Italy

In the east , Russia was given part of Poland.while Prussia was given a port of Saxony

The main idea behind the treaty was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon .

Nature of conservative regimes :did not tolerate criticism ,curb the activity which are against the autocratic govt , also curbed the liberty and freedom

Idea of revolutionary: opposing autocratic govt fighting for liberty and freedom ,working for the creation of nation- state

Gusepe mazzini    born in Genoa in 1807, Italian revolutionary at the age of 24, he was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria He founded two underground societies that is young Italy in Marseilles and young Europe in Berne He said that small states and kingdom of Italy should be forged into a single unified  republic

Austrian chancellor Duke Metternich had describe Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of social order

The age of revolution 1830-1848

   The first upheaval took place in France in July revolution1830,The bourbon king who was restored to power after the treaty of Vienna .The autocratic monarchy was overthrown by the liberals and a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head was installed in France

    Duke Metternich said  ‘When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold’

    When the news of  July revolution spread  there is uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the united kingdom of the Netherlands. 

   An event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite  across Europe was the Greek war of independence

  The struggle began in 1821 nationalist in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile . Greeks also got support from many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture . Greece was lauded as the cradle of European civilization ,in short Greek got support from different areas and got independence in 1832 the treaty of Constantinople 

Romanticism

A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist movement through art and poetry , stories and music and vernacular language

1.Eugene Delacroix : he was one of the most important French romantic painters by dramatizing the killing of Greeks by Turks ,focusing on the suffering of women and children and using different colours. By this he want to create sympathy for the Greeks .

2.Johann Gottfried herder :He was a German philosopher. he claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people .It was through folk songs ,folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized .

3.Karol kurpinski : He was a polish he celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music ,turning folk dances into a nationalist symbols .

     Turned folk dances like polonaise and mazurka  into a nationalist symbols

4 Jacob Grium and wilhem Grimm: They were brothers . Both of them were born in Germany they developed an interest in collecting old folktales . They believed that folktales were expressions of pure and authentic German spirit

5.Language : to played role in developing nationalist sentiments ,after Russian occupation polish was forced out and Russian language was forced out ,polish was used for church gatherings and all religious instruction

Hunger hardship and popular revolt 1830

There was an enormous increase in population all over Europe

Small producers in towns were often faced with tough competition from imports of cheap machine made goods from England

Mass migration of population took place from rural to urban areas in search of jobs

Peasant struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligation

The condition become more worst in 1848 due to

 widespread unemployment: employment opportunity were slow to develop because of the emergence and spread of machine made goods                

Food shortages and rise in food prices in this situation people of France came out on the roads result was

Barricades were erected ,Louis Philippe was forced to flee the national assembly was proclaimed a republic ,suffrage was granted to all adult males above 21 ,right to work was guaranteed ,national workshops to provide employment were setup

1848 the revolution  of liberals

After the event of February 1848 in France ,republic came to be established and universal suffrage was granted.  When this message was spread in European landscape

Men and women of liberal middle class combined their demand for constitution ,freedom of the press, freedom of association  and national unification (creation of nation-state)

In Germany a large number of political association include professionals ,businessmen and prosperous artisan came together in the Frankfurt  and decided to vote for an all German nation assembly, on 18 may 1848, 831 elected members marched to Frankfurt parliament in church of St. Paul ,they drafted constitution headed by monarchy, when the crown was offered to king of Prussia ,he rejected and join other monarch to oppose the elected assembly, military and opposition became stronger at the end troops were called and the assembly was disband

Though conservative forces were able to suppress the liberals but they could not restore the old order they believed that the cycle of revolution and repression could be ended only by granted concession

Unification of germany

In 1848,a large number of political associations whose members were middle class professional ,businessmen and artisan tried to unite the different regions of Germany into a nation state governed by an elected parliament

This initiative was suppress by the combined forces of monarchy and military ,supported by the landlord of Prussia known as Junkers  

 There after Prussia took the leadership of movement of national unification Its chief minister ottoman Bismarck was the architect of this process .He followed the policy of  “Blood and Iron”  He took the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy and over a period of seven years he fought three wars with Austria , Denmark and France and emerged  victorious

This  victories completed the process of unification of Germany . In January 1871, the  Prussian king Kaiser William I was proclaimed the German emperor

Unification of Italy

Italy was scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire It was divided into seven state out which only one, Sardinia-piedmont ,was ruled by an Italian princely house, north was under Austrian Hapsburgs , the centre was ruled by the pope and the southern region were under the  dominion of the bourbon king of Spain

1830 Giuseppe Mazzini try to unite Italy ,he formed secret society called young Italy  and young Europe, after the failure of the uprising by the Giuseppe Mazzini the mantle fall on the Sardinia-piedmont to unify Italy nation through war

Chief minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the region of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democratic, he spoke French much better than he did Italian

Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour , Sardinia-piedmont  in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray ,marched into south Italy and the kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the Support of the local peasant in order to drive out the spanish rulers .

In 1861  Victor Emmanuel II  was proclaimed as the king of Italy

Strange case of Britain

Unification of Britain was the result of a long-drawn out process there was no British nation prior to 18^th century, primary identity of the people was WISE(welsh ,Irish ,scot and English) ,As the nation grow English grew in wealth and power

In 1688 ,after the protracted struggle the English parliament seized power from monarchy the parliament proved to be an instrument through which a nation-state ,with England at the centre , came to be forged.

The Act of Union 1707 led to the formation of the United kingdom of Great Britain with this , England was able to influence on Scotland, the parliament was dominant by English, they systematically suppress the Scottish people, they were forbidden to speak their Gallic language or wear their national dress ,and large no were forcibly driven out of their motherland.

Ireland suffered similar fate ,it was a country divided between Catholics and protestant with a catholic majority .The English help the protest to establish their dominance over catholic, the Catholics revolted but suppressed after the failed revolt led by Wolfe tone and his united Irishmen 1798, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the united kingdom in 1801,a British nation came into existence where English culture was predominant, older nation  partners  survive as subordinate 

The British flag (union jack ) and the national anthem(god save our noble king )

And the English language were actively promoted     

Visualizing the nation

Artist of that time personify the nation as a female figure this was not actually stand for any particular woman in real life  in fact it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form that is the female figure became  an allegory of the nation

In France she was given the a popular name Marianne

 which underlined the idea of people's nation her characteristics – the red cap ,the tricolor , the cockade  were all drawn from those of liberty and the republic ,her image was marked on coins and maps ,her statue were erected in public figures to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it

Germania in Germany , Germania  wears the crown of oak leaves as the German oaks stands for heroism 

Nationalism and imperialism

By the last quarter of the nineteenth century nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends.

Two factor contribute in the change of the form of nationalism. First was that gradually nationalist group became increasingly intolerant of each other and were ever ready to go to war. Secondly the major European powers started manipulating the nationalist aspiration of the subjects peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.

Nationalist tensions started brewing in Europe after 1871. The most serious source of this tension was the area called the Balkans . This area is commonly known as the Turkish Empire . It comprises modern-day Romania, Bulgaria , Albania , Greece ,Macedonia , Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The inhabitant of this area were broadly known as Slavs.

A large part of Balkans was under the control of ottoman Empire ,it was very large but gradually its sultans became weak and worthless. A large part of its population was Christian whereas the sultan used to be Muslims ,they pay attention to the demand of Muslims as a result other feels alienated

There are many Christian country in the Europe who supported the Christian in this area  as a result they enter the internal politics and it seemed as if this empire would disintegrate and collapse.

When the ottoman empire wants to strengthen itself  with every steps the small country broke away from the ottoman empire and declared themselves as independent.

They said that history to prove that they had once been independent

There are three problems which complicate the Balkans problemsThe Balkan area became an area of intense conflict each try to struggle to define their identity and independence

The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the others

 matter became the scene of big power rivalry ,each interested power Russia , Germany ,England ,Austria-Hungary was keen on countering the hold of the power over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war broke out from this region only.

Thus nationality aligned with imperialism and ultimately led to the disastrous first world war