AGRICULTURE
India is an agricultural country
:
About 60 % of India’s labour force depends upon
agriculture, source of livelihood
About 25% of India’s national income is generated in
the agriculture sector
About 10% of india‘s total export s come from the
agriculture sector
It is source of food grains, source of fodder for
animals, source of raw material and provides a big market for all types of
goods, consumer as well as capital
Types of farming
:
1. Prmitive subsistence farming
: It implies cultivation of food crops for self-consumption , that is consumption by the family , primitive
tools are used like hoe,dao and digging sticks
It is a
slash and burn agriculture : farmer clear a patch of land and produce cereals
and other food crops to sustain their family when the soil fertility decreases
the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation
It is known as jhumming in north-eastern state
, dipa in bastar,
Milpa in
mexico, roca in brazil , masole in central Africa , ray in Vietnam
Bewar and dhaiya in madhyapradesh,podu of
penda in Andhra Pradesh,kumara in western ghats,waltre or vlare in south-eastern
rajasthan, kuruwa in Jharkhand .
2.Extensive farming :
It implies bringing more area under cultivatin there
may or may not be any effort to introduce improved agricultural technique on
land productivity
3. Intensive farming:
Intensive farming implies introduction of machinery
and other improved agricultural practices and increased use of fertilizers ,
HYV seed ,irrigation ,pesticides ,insecticides etc .It is labour intensive
farming
4. Commercial farming:
It is a farming where the use of higher doses of
modern inputs, e.g. HYV seeds, chemical fertilizer ,insecticides and pesticides
in order to obtain higher productivity .
Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but
in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.
Plantation
is a type of crop in which a single crop is grown on a large area by using
capital intensive input for example in India tea coffee rubber ,sugarcane ,banana
etc
CROPPING PATTERN
KHARIF: kharif season begins with the pre-monsoon
showers, in the month of May during this period; farmers plough land, prepare
nurseries and await the break of the monsoon
Sowing May –July
Harvesting
–Sept –Oct Crops –
Rice, Maize, Jowar, Bajra, Sugarcane and Jute
Areas – Assam .WB,
AP, Kerala, Maharashtra
RABI
:
Sowing – Oct – Dec Harvesting – Feb -
April
Crops – wheat ,barley peas , gram and oilseeds
Area – Punjab ,Haryana ,himachal Pradesh,jamu and
Kashmir,UP
ZAID
: Zaid is sown in between kharif and rabi ,these are short duration crops
like
watermelon,muskmelon,cucumber ,vegetable and fodder crops are grown
Crop
|
Temperature
|
Rainfall
|
Soils
|
Distribution
|
Any
other point
|
RICE
|
25°C
and above
|
Minimum
100cm
|
Fertile
alluvial soil
|
West
Bengal,UP,AP,panjab
TN,Haryana
,kerala
|
|
Wheat
|
10°C
-15°C during growth
20°C-25°C
during ripening
|
50-75cm
, 100cm is the upper limit
|
Loamy
and black soil
|
UP,panjab,Haryana,MP
Rajashthan
, Gujarat
Maharashtra
,Bihar
|
|
Sugar-
cane
|
20°C-25°
|
100cm
|
Rich
alluvial, light clay or black soil
|
UP,Maharashtra
, panjab,AP, TN, karnataka
|
|
Tea
|
20°-30°C
|
150-200
cm
|
Forest
soil rich in humus , phosphorus, potash and iron content
|
Assam
, Darjeeling and jalpaiguri in west Bengal, and nilgiri hills in south India
|
|
Coffee
|
15°C-25°C
|
150-200cm
|
Well
drained late rite soils
|
Kerala
,Karnataka , Tamil Nadu
|
|
Cotton
|
20°-30°C(210
Frost free day )
|
100
cm
|
Black
and alluvial soil
|
Gujarat
,Maharashtra , AP, Haryana, Rajasthan, Karnataka
|
|
Jute
|
25°-30°C
|
150-200cm
|
Fertile
alluvial soils of flood plains
|
West
Bengal, Bihar , Assam, Orissa , UP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Technological and institutional reforms:
Technological reforms
: By technological reforms we mean the introduction of better inputs and new
equipment .The use of these inputs and equipment helps the farmer derive more
output some of the technique are as follows:
Tube wells and pumps , Tractors ,trucks and trolleys
Tillers ,threshers and harvesters ,HYV seeds ,Fertilizers ,Pesticides and
insecticides ,New means of irrigation, such as drip irrigation and sprinkler
system
Green revolution and White revolution are live
examples
Institutional reforms:
Abolitation of Zamindari system
: The cultivator has been brought indirect contact with the government . As
a result, There is no intermediary now
to exploit the poor cultivator.
Consolidation of Holdings:
The scattered and fragmented holdings of farmers have been consolidated into a
single tract. As a result, the farmer saves time, energy and resources
Widespread
use of Radio and Television: It enables the farmers to get
knowledge about new agricultural practices, new production techniques and the
market.
Crop
Insurance : Farmers are protected
against the vagaries of nature
Rural
Banking and Co –Operative Societies: It enables farmers to get easy loans for
production and investment purposes
Minimum
Support Price : These protect the
farmers to get easy loans for production marketing of crops, especially if
there is a bumper crop . He has been assured of a minimum guaranteed price
Policy
of KCC and PAIS also helped farmers in production
.
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