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The rise of Novel

Types of novel:

1.An epistolary novel is one in which the narration is  

     written in the form of a series of letters

    For example: Samuel Richardson's, told much of the    

     story through an exchange of letters between two    

     lovers .These letters tell the reader about the

     hidden conflict in the heroine’s mind .

2.A Serialised novel uses a format in which the story 

     is published in installments , each part in a new

      issue of journal

Changes in technology and society which led to an increase in readers of the novels in 18^th century.

Novels began to be written in17th century they got popularised only in 18 century. they first took firm root in England and France and then spread to other countries in Europe.

1.Mechanical printing made it possible to produce multiple copies quickly and cheaply. As a result printing and distribution of books became cheap and easy . Now low income group could afford to purchase the books

2.New group of lower middle-class people , such as shopkeepers and clerks along with the aristocrats form the new readership

3.As readership grew and the market for books expanded , income of the authors increased . The authors no more remained dependent on the patronage of aristocrats . This gave independence to experiment with different styles . 

Some Important reasons for the popularity of novels

1.Novel created a world which was absorbing and believable .It seemed real . While reading a novel , the reader was transported to another persons world and began looking at life as if it was experienced by the characters of the novel.

2.Novels do not focus on the lives of great people, they are about the everyday life of common life

3.Novel allow individuals the pleasure of reading in private as well as in public

4.In rural area people would collect to hear one of them reading a novel aloud, often being deeply involve in the lives of the characters.

5.The novel uses the vernacular , the language that is spoken by common people by coming closer to the different spoken languages of the people .

           Sr.No. Name of author Name of book Description            Rise of novels/English novel/British novels

                                  1 Henry Fielding  Tom Jones 1749

            2 Walter Scott  Scottish Ballads Historical novel about wars       

                 between Scottish clans.

            3 Samuel Richardson Pamela 18 century. Stories through      

                 exchange of letters between two lovers. These letters tell the

                 reader of the hidden conflicts in the heroin's mind.

            4 Charles Dickens    Pickwick papers a serialised novel      

                 Hard times-1854 Terrible effect of industrialization on

                      people's lives. Describes Coke town , a polluted city with 

                 lots of machinery and a polluted purple river. Here workers       

                 were referred as  hands. He criticized the philosophy of greed   

                 for profit and regarding human as hands.  

                Oliver Twist-1838 A tale about an orphan who lived in a world   

                     of petty criminals and beggar. Brought up in a cruel   

                     workshop,Oliver was finally adopted by a wealthy person

                    and later lived happily.

5 Emile Zola Germinal-1885 On the life of young miner in France 

             explores in harsh detail the grim condition of miner's lives. It  

             ends in a node of despair: the strike the hero leads fail, his co-

               workers turn against  him, and hopes are shattered.

6 Thomas Hardy  Mayor of Casterbridge-1886

              Its about Michael Henchard,a successful grain merchant, who

             becomes mayor of the farming town of Casterbridge.He is

              both unpredictably generous and cruel with his employees.

              He is no match for his manager and rival Donald  Farfrae.

  7 Jane Austen  Pride and Prejudice

              Her novels gave us glimpse of the world of women in

              gentle(polite/shy) rural society in early nineteenth century in  

              Britain. They made us think about a society which encouraged

             women to look for good marriages and find wealthy or

              propertied husband.

8.Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre-1857 In this a young Jane is shown as independent and assertive. While girls of her time were supposed to be well behaved and quiet, Jane at age of 10 protested against the hypocracy of her elders. She tells her aunt that she is deceitful and she won't call her aunt ever.

9 R.L.Stevenson Treasure Island Adventurous novel for young in 1883

 10 Rudyard Kipling Jungle Book Adventurous novel for young in 1894.

11 G.A.Henty Under Drake's Flag

12 Helen Hunt Jackson Ramona 1884 Love stories written for 

         adolescent girls.

13 Sarah Chauncey Woolsey What Katy Did Love stories for adolescent

        girl.1872. Under pen name of Susan Coolidge.        

14 Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe

         In this novel Robinson Crusoe is an adventurer and slave

         trader. Shipwrecked on an island, Crusoe treats color people not as

         humans equal to him, but as inferior creatures. He saves a native

         and makes him a slave, rather asking his name he gives him a name

        'Friday'.1719

15 Joseph Cornad    Showed novels that revealed darker side of colonial occupation.

16 Benjamin Disraeli Henrietta Temple  

 17 George Eliot Silly novels by lady novelist. wrote it in 1856.

18 Oliver Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield          

•      The Novels Come to India.     

 Bharatendu  Harishchandra,the pioneer of modern Hindi literature.      

 17 Banabhatta  Kadambari Written in Sanskrit in the seventeenth century. 

18 Baba Padmanji Yamuna Paryatan-1857 Written for plight of widows(earliest novels in Marathi).

19 Lakshman Moreshwar Halbe Muktamala-1861 This was not a realistic novel; it presented an imaginary romance narrative with moral purposes.

20 O.Chandu Menon Indulekha-1889 It was the first modern novel in Malayalam. Author tried to translate English novel Henrietta Temple of Benjamin Disraeli but stopped as he thought, it would be dreadfully boring for the readers as they didn't know the behaviour and dress code of British so he wrote a story in Malayalam-'Manner of English novel Books'.Indulekha is about the cast war between Nambuthiri Brahmins and the Nayars. Nambuthiris were also major landlords in Kerala that time and a larger section on Nayars were tenants. In late nineteenth century they began arguing strongly against Nambuthiri alliances with Nayar women. In the novel Suri Nambuthiri,the foolish landlord who comes to marry Indulekha,is the focus of the story. The intelligent heroine rejects him and chooses Madhavan, the educated and handsome Nayar as her husband, the young couple moves to Madras. The landlord ,desperate to find a partner for him, finally marries a poorer relation from the same family and goes away pretending that he has married Indulekha.The writer wanted to appreciate the new values of hero and heroine and criticize the ignorance and immorality of Suri Nambhthiri.

21 Kandukuri Viresalingam Rajasekhara Caritamu-1878

         He was from  Andhra Pradesh, he began translating Oliver Goldsmith's  

         Vicar of Wakefield into Telgu but abandoned his plans due to the similar

         reasons.

22 Srinivas Das Pariksha Guru-1882  

       He was from Delhi and his novel was the first proper modern novel. His novel cautioned young men of well-to-do families against the dangerous influence of bad company and consequent loose morals. The novel tries to teach the reader the right way to live in all aspects. In the novel we can see the youngster are urged to cultivate good habits like newspaper reading we can too see characters attempting to use Western science and Indian wisdom apparently. This novel could not gain many readers as it was too moralizing 

23 Devaki Nandan Khatri  Chandrakanta

       A romance with dazzling elements of fantasy-is believed to have contributed immensely in popularizing the Hindi language and the Nagari script among educated classes of those times. 

24 Premchand Sewasdan-1916 It deals mainly with the poor conditions of women in the society. Issues like child marriage and dowry are woven into the story of the novel. It also tells us about the ways in which the Indian upper class used whatever little opportunities they got from the colonial authorities to govern themselves.

•          Rangbhoomi

          Its about Surdas, a visually impared beggar from an untouchable caste.We see Surdas struggling against the forcible takeover of his land for establishing a tobacoo factory.    

          Godan-1936 Its an epic of the Indian peasantry.The novel tells the moving story of Hori and his wife Dhania,a peasant couple.Landlords, moneylenders, priests-all those who hold power in society -form a network of oppression, rob their land and make them into landless labourers.Yet Hori and Dhania retain their dignity to the end.

   25 Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Durgeshnandini-   1865 It used 

        vernacular language.     

        Anandamath-1882 In this novel a secret Hindu militia fights Muslim to establish a Hindu kingdom.It was a novel that inspired many freedom fighters.

   26 Ramashankar Ray Saudamani He was a dramatist, began serializing the first Oriya novel;but was not able to complete it.

   27 Fakir Mohon Senapati Chaa Mana Atha Guntha-1902 The is translated as six acres and thirty-two decimals of land.Its a story about Ramchandra Mangaraj,a landlord-s manager who cheats his idle and drunken master and then eyes on the fertile land of Bhagia and Shariya(a couple).He fools his couple and puts them in debt so that he can take over their land.It showed that novels could make rural issues an important part of urban preoccupation.

   28 Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 1876-1938 The most popular novelist in Bengal and probably in the rest of India.

28 Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay 1876-1938 The most popular novelist in Bengal and probably in the rest of India.

29 Naro Sadashiv Risbud Manjughosha A Marathi non-realistic novel.This novel was filled with amazing events.

30 Gulavadi Venkata Rao Indirabai-1899 It gave a clear message of social reform.Its a Kannada novel,in this novel the heroine is given away in marriage at a very young age to an elderly man.Her husband dies soon after, she is forced to lead a life a widow.But after being resisted by her family and society she continues her education.Eventually she marries again, but this time to a English educated man.This was due to as in that time Karnataka had social reforms on women education, the plight of widows and the problems created by early marriage of girls.

31 R.Krishnamurthy   Wrote under pen name 'Kalki'.He was an active participant in freedom movement. 

32 Rokeya Hossein Sultana's Dream A satiric fantasy in English, it shows a topsy-turvy(disorderly,upside-down) world in which women take the place of men.     Padmarag Showed the need for women to reform their condition by their own actions.

33   Karuna O Phulmonir Bibaran-1852 It was reputedly the first novel in Bengali, tell her readers that she wrote in secret. 

34 Sailabala Ghosh Jaya   A famous novelist ,but could only write as her husband protected her. 

35 Potheri Kunjambu Saraswativijayam- 1892 Mounting a strong attack on caste oppression.It showed a young man from an untouchable caste,leaving his village to escape the cruelty of his Brahmin landlord.He converts into Christian.Obtains modern knowledge, education and returns as the judge of the local court.Meanwhile, the villagers, thinking that the landlord's men had killed him, file a case.At last he reveals his true identity and the case was solved.The novel shows the need of upliftment of the lower castes.

36 Advaita Malla Burman's Titash Ekti Nadir Naam-1956 Its an epic novel on three generation of a community,Mallas a fisherfolk community who live off fishing in the river Titash.In this there is a boy Ananta whose parents got separated after the wedding night.He leaves the community to get educated in the city.This novel also tells us about the festivals like Holi and Kali puja.Slowly the community brokes and as the river dries the community dies too.This novel is special as the author is too from a fisherfolk community. 

37 Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer  1908-1994 Was one of the early Muslim writers to gain wide renown as novelist in Malayalam.He participated in the Salt Satyagraha and even travelled to Arabia.His novels were set on the themes like poverty, insanity and life in prison and contained humour.

38 Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay Anguriya Binimoy-1857 Was the first historical novel written in Bengal.Its hero Shivaji engages in many battles against Aurangzeb.Man Singh tried to do a peace compermigation with him but realising that Aurangzeb intended to confine him as house prisoner Shivaji escapes and returns to battle.

 39 Rabindranath Tagore  Ghare Baire-1916 Translation of title is as 'The Home and the World'.